朗阁学术专家团Paula老师

在有关英语语法讲解中，如何解释“be + 动词原形”的语言现象，例如：

1）What we can do, as part of an investigation of language, is concentrate on those properties...

2）All you have to do is ask.

以上两个例句中的“is concentrate”和“is ask”。在这两个句子里是由不带to的不定式作表语。目前，似乎仅限于和do连用。例句如下：

⑴ Now what I want to do today is take you through the process and identify some key areas for improvement in quality.

⑵ All I want to do was send my father an e-mail.

⑶ What I'd like to do is explain how the current system works.

⑷ All I did was hit him on the head.

⑸ Sometimes the most urgent and vital thing you can possibly do is take a complete rest.

此外，在雅思考试当中，经常会考察运用同义词或同义词组表达相关话题内容内嵌式题型。所以在考试准备阶段时，尤其要做到相关的此类知识的积累。同时，也要格外注意这些同义词汇的细微差别。例如，environment与surroundings, conditions与circumstances等。不错，这四个词在英汉词典里都有“环境”一解，英文字典则用它们相互释义，比如Webster's New World Dictionary 在environment 词下先解释一番，随后索性给出同义词 surroundings 。The American Heritage Dictionary 先解释the circumstances or conditions that surround one，接着便给 surroundings。由此可见，这两词词义重叠交织，容易混淆。不过，即使是同义词也不可能完全相同，尤其在搭配组合时，便显现出差异。surroundings 偏重于生活、居住的周围环境，而environment则指对人的成长、情感、观念、伦理、道德、品行等产生影响的环境。优美的周边环境 beautiful surroundings；幸福的家庭环境：happy home environment；遗传和环境；发展与环境，其中的环境只能用 environment。破坏环境，保护环境中的环境当然也是environment。 这词的使用范围比surroundings宽泛得多，延伸到人类活动的各种领域，如：political/economic/cultural/demographic/natural/social/technological/legal/macroeconomic/microeconomic，还有
marketing/investment/language/learning/Chinese speaking/bilingual/multilingual/operating/global/international environment etc. Conditions 虽有"环境"的含义，不过更接近汉语“条件” —— 泛指改变、限制性因素，也指影响生活质量的种种因素。circumstances则相当于“形势、情况”，往往指人力无法控制、驾驭的事件和事态的总和，weather/working/living/housing/production/natural/financial conditions, 其中有些条件人们可以创造、改变，但人们无法改变、创造circumstances。 Don't judge the crime until you know the circumstances. 指时间、地点、条件、情况等细节，不能用conditions替换。circumstances还有一层意思，便是境遇、财力、经济状况，如经济宽余、生活安逸 (in good/easy/comfortable/flourishing circumstances)，经济拮据、境遇不佳 (in bad/reduced/distressed/straitened circumstances)。两词有时也可通用，如under present conditions/circumstances; national conditions/circumstances （国情）。在习语中,词的搭配是固定的，不可互换，如in/under the circumstances, in/under no circumstances。中国政府在核武器问题上有句名言，不可不学：Time and again the Chinese government has solemnly declared that no time and under no circumstances will it be the first to use nuclear weapons。

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